7. Judging the Evidence
“It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone to believe anything on insufficient evidence” – William Kingdon Clifford
In this chapter you will learn how to:
- interpret and quality-assure research evidence
- develop the different components of a research paper
- critically appraise the quality of published articles using a logical framework.
Opening Scenario
One real-life scenario that demonstrates this quote by William Kingdon Clifford is the thalidomide tragedy of the 1950s and 1960s. Thalidomide was a medication prescribed to pregnant women in order to alleviate morning sickness. However, it was later discovered that the drug caused severe birth defects in newborns. Thousands of babies were born with missing or deformed limbs, and many died shortly after birth.
The tragedy occurred because the drug was not properly tested before it was released to the market. The manufacturer relied on anecdotal evidence and positive testimonials from doctors and patients, rather than conducting rigorous scientific studies. As a result, thalidomide was widely prescribed to pregnant women without sufficient evidence to support its safety.
The thalidomide tragedy serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of evidence-based decision-making in all areas of life, particularly when it comes to public health and safety. It shows that it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone to believe anything on insufficient evidence, and that rigorous scientific testing and evaluation is essential to ensure the safety and well-being of individuals and society as a whole.
